Engineering bone-forming callus organoid implants in a xenogeneic-free differentiation medium

The field of tissue engineering aspires to provide clinically relevant solutions for patients through the integration developmental principles with a bottom-up manufacturing approach. However, cell-based advanced therapy medicinal products is hampered by protocol complexity, lack non-invasive critical quality controls, and dependency on animal-derived components differentiation. We investigate serum-free, chemically defined, xeno- lipid-free chondrogenic differentiation medium generate bone-forming callus organoids. Our results show an increase in microtissue homogeneity during prolonged high vivo low protein content culture potentially allows monitoring secreted biomarkers as (critical) attributes. Together, we envisage that this compatible industrial scale-up automation while facilitating implementation imaging use control parameters based biomarkers.